Benefits of Using Llama PBMCs
Llamas (Lama glama) have become a solid animal model in biomedical science, especially in the field of immunology and antibody research. Llama PBMC samples offer the following advantages.
Unique Antibodies
Llamas produce small but stable antibodies called nanobodies (Fig. 1) that can penetrate tissues, chase and bind to hidden targets in harsh conditions. If you are interested in exploiting such an immune mechanism, llama PBMCs are the right way to go.
Fig. 1. Camelid nanobody (B) (source: Yu et al., 2020).
Vaccine Development
Llamas have strong immune responses so their PBMCs are important in vaccine research. Llamas PBMCs, including nanobodies, are also instrumental in immune responses against viral pathogens.
Immune Response Under Stressful Conditions
Llamas are resilient animals that live at high altitudes and in harsh environments, shaping their immune system to adapt well under extreme stress such as hypoxia and high-altitude. Llama PBMCs can therefore lend new insights about immune responses in such environments.
Lower Immunogenicity
Reduced immunogenicity of llamas nanobodies when applied in human therapies minimizes the risk of undesired immune reactions. Llama PBMCs offer opportunities for creating therapeutic candidates that are safer for human application.
Ethical and Sustainable
Llamas live relatively longer than most animals used in biomedical research. It is also domesticated, allowing multiple PBMC sample collections through non-invasive methods that reduce animal use in research.
Llama PBMC Preparation
Animal Blood Collection
As required by institutional and ethical guidelines, the animal is anesthetized before blood collection. Blood collection can be accomplished depending on the size of the animal. For small animals such as rats and mice, blood is typically collected from the tail vein, retro-orbital sinus, or by cardiac puncture.
For larger animals such as non-human primates, blood is commonly collected from a vein, mainly the saphenous or femoral vein. To prevent clotting, an anticoagulant is added immediately to the blood. Heparin or EDTA is usually used as anticoagulant. The blood is then gently mixed by inverting the tube several times. Vigorous shaking is avoided to prevent hemolysis.
Dilution of Blood
After addition of the coagulant, the blood is diluted with an equal volume of PBS or sterile saline. This step enables the reduction of cell density to facilitate better separation in the gradient. The solution is then gently mixed by inverting the tube.
Density Gradient Centrifugation
A density gradient medium is prepared by adding Ficoll-Paque or Histopaque to a sterile 15 mL or 50 mL centrifuge tube. Approximately 3 mL of density gradient medium per 10 mL of diluted blood is then used. The diluted blood is then layered carefully on top of the density gradient medium. By adding blood along the side of the tube using a pipette, mixing of the mixture is avoided. Next, the mixture is centrifuged at 400 x g for 20-30 minutes at room temperature. Gentle layer separation is ensured by not using the centrifuge brake.
Collection of PBMC Layer
The PBMC layer is identified based on its position alongside three other components. The top layer is composed of plasma. The second layer is thin and white, representing the PBMC layer. The third layer is made up of the density gradient medium which is either Ficoll or Histopaque. Finally, the fourth and bottom layer is composed of red blood cells. The second layer, which is the PBMC layer, is carefully harvested using a pipette and then transferred into a new, clean 15 mL centrifuged tube.
Washing the PBMCs
Once the PBMCs have been collected, PBS or culture medium is added to dilute the Ficoll or Histopaque. Next, the solution is centrifuged at 300 x g for 10 minutes at room temperature to pellet the PBMCs. After discarding the supernatant, the cell pellet is gently resuspended in fresh PBS or culture medium. This is followed by two more steps of washing to make sure no Ficoll/Histopaque and other contaminants remain.
Counting and Viability Assessment
To measure viability, cells are first counted using a hemocytometer or an automated cell counter. The cell concentration can be adjusted depending on downstream experiment requirements. Then, cell viability assessment is performed using tryphan blue staining or another similar method. Ideally, the viability of PBMCs for functional assays should be above 90%.
Storage/Immediate Use
If the freshly collected PBMCs are to be used immediately, cells are resuspended in an appropriate medium or buffer for further processing for techniques such as flow cytometry, cell culture, etc.
If the PBMCs are to be stored for later use, the cells are frozen in a cryoprotective medium such as 10% DMSO in fetal bovine serum and then gradually cooled to -80°C before transferring to liquid nitrogen for long-term storage.
Sources: Fuss et al. (2009), Reidhammer et al. (2016).
We cryopreserve the cells in serum-free cryopreservation media to prevent potential effects of growth factors before and during international shipping. Let us know if you have special requests and we will be glad to accommodate them.
Llama PBMC-Based Assays
PBMCs are a versatile sample type in preclinical research due to their role in the immune system. Assays using PBMCs help assess immune function, response to therapies, and disease pathophysiology.
Animal PBMCs are also commonly used in preclinical Safety, Toxicology and Translational research to help select the right in vivo model for late preclinial studies.
The following are common PBMC-based assays in preclinical research.
Flow Cytometry
This assay quantifies and analyzes various immune cell subsets within PBMCs, such as T cells, B cells, NK cells, and monocytes. Flow cytometry is widely used to determine immune status in diseases like HIV or cancer, evaluate immune responses to therapies, and track cell phenotypes in clinical trials.
ELISPOT (Enzyme-Linked Immunospot) Assay
ELISPOT measures the frequency of cytokine-secreting cells, indicating immune activation. It is often used in vaccine trials or infectious disease research to assess cellular immune responses by quantifying cytokines like IFN-γ, which indicates T-cell activation.
Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS)
ICS is used to detect cytokine production within individual cells using flow cytometry. This assay helps identify specific functional responses, such as Th1, Th2, or Th17 responses, by measuring cytokines like IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF. It’s particularly valuable in vaccine and immunotherapy studies.
Proliferation Assays
These assays measure the ability of PBMCs to proliferate in response to specific antigens or mitogens. They are used in immunological research to assess immune responsiveness in autoimmune diseases, vaccine trials, or immunodeficiencies. Proliferation assays help determine immune system activation and potential deficiencies in cell-mediated immunity.
Cytotoxicity Assays
These assays assess the cytolytic activity of PBMCs, particularly NK cells and cytotoxic T cells, against target cells. They are instrumental in cancer and viral research for evaluating how well immune cells can kill infected or tumor cells.
Gene Expression Profiling
The purpose of this assay measures gene expression changes in PBMCs using techniques like qPCR or RNA sequencing. Applications in autoimmune and infectious disease research include revealing insights into immune response mechanisms as well as helping identify biomarkers for disease progression and treatment response.
Single-Cell RNA Sequencing (scRNA-seq)
This technique analyzes gene expression at the single-cell level to characterize the transcriptome of individual cells. Its applications in immunology and oncology include exploration of the heterogeneity of immune cell populations, particularly in response to treatments or in different disease states.
Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR)
MLR is used to measure the response of immune cells to foreign cells. Its typical application is in transplant immunology which is to assess compatibility, by helping understand immune responses to allogeneic tissues and immune tolerance.
T-Cell Receptor (TCR) Sequencing
TCR is a technique for identifying the diversity and clonality of T-cell receptors in PBMCs.
It is valuable in cancer immunotherapy research for tracking immune responses and to understand T-cell repertoire dynamics in response to treatments, such as checkpoint inhibitors.
These PBMC assays offer a comprehensive set of tools for understanding immune function and disease mechanisms of humans and animals in clinical research and are invaluable for monitoring immune responses to therapies across various fields.
Have you decided which PBMCs to use and what assays they are for?
Published Study
That Used
Llama PBMCs
The study “Development of multi-specific humanized llama antibodies blocking SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 interaction with high affinity and avidity” by Dong et al. (2020) explores the creation of therapeutic antibodies derived from llama single-domain antibodies (VHHs) to combat SARS-CoV-2. The research addresses the limitations of traditional monoclonal and polyclonal antibody treatments, such as cost, production challenges, and potential toxicity.
Key Highlights of Llama PBMCs
Humanized Llama Antibodies
- VHHs were identified from both naïve and synthetic llama antibody libraries. These libraries were screened for high affinity binding to the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein.
Multi-Specific Antibodies
- Combining VHHs into bi- or tri-specific constructs enhanced their ability to block the interaction between the S protein and the human ACE2 receptor. These multi-specific antibodies demonstrated higher binding affinity and avidity compared to single antibodies.
In Silico and In Vitro Optimization
- Computational modeling and laboratory testing ensured low immunogenicity and high therapeutic potential. A bi-specific antibody showed potent ACE2 blocking (IC50 ~1 nM), suggesting strong neutralization capacity.
Applications
- These antibodies could serve not only as therapeutic agents by neutralizing the virus but also as diagnostic tools for detecting viral proteins in clinical samples.
- This research demonstrates a significant step toward scalable, effective COVID-19 treatments and diagnostics using llama-derived antibody technologies.
We Ensure Quality
To see to it that the minimum cell number post-thaw is achieved for each unit shipped, we overfill containers with cells by 50%.
We cryopreserve the cells in serum-free cryopreservation media to prevent potential effects of growth factors before and during international shipping via our logistics partners.
We typically ship cells that are in stock within two days. New projects can be delivered within 2 weeks for minipig/pig/beagle/monkey/llama and 3 weeks for alpaca PBMCs.
We ship cells Europe-wide within 24-48 hours, and can ship intercontinentally with dry shipper.
References
Fuss, I. J., Kanof, M. E., Smith, P. D., & Zola, H. (2009). Isolation of whole mononuclear cells from peripheral blood and cord blood. Current protocols in immunology, Chapter 7, 7.1.1–7.1.8. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142735.im0701s85
Lyu, M., Shi, X., Liu, Y., Zhao, H., Yuan, Y., Xie, R., Gu, Y., Dong, Y., & Wang, M. (2023). Single-cell transcriptome analysis of H5N1-HA-stimulated alpaca PBMCs. Biomolecules, 13(60). https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13010060
Riedhammer, C., Halbritter, D., & Weissert, R. (2016). Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: Isolation, Freezing, Thawing, and Culture. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 1304, 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/7651_2014_99
Yu, S., Xiong, G., Zhao, S., Tang, Y., Tang, H., Wang, K., Liu, H., Lan, K., Bi, X., & Duan, S. (2021). Nanobodies targeting immune checkpoint molecules for tumor immunotherapy and immunoimaging (Review). International journal of molecular medicine, 47(2), 444–454. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4817
